Thin Lines between Histories Essay Example for Free

Thin Lines between Histories Essay The connection—history and culture between Africans and Americans can be traced way back in ancient history (Duignan and Lewis xiii). No event linked these two groups—Africans and Americansand Australian natives or the Aboriginal people until the European expansion beginning in the 15th century. In a history review â€Å"Aboriginal Australians,† Nicolas Peterson states that, changes in native-Australian-living began in 17th century. Apparently, customary relationship between Africans and Americans and later the Afro-American, was established in the same event—European occupation. The article â€Å"Aboriginal Australians† reviewed by Nicolas Peterson, claims that, the Aborigines or Aboriginal people were the indigenous occupants of Australia. For at least 50,000 years they have lived and have inhabited every region of Australia. Following their accustomed practice, this tribe lived as hunters and gatherers in the vast lands of Australia. The word Aboriginal is a collective term for indigenous tribes of various cultures. Researches claim that, Aboriginal people also inhabited North America, particularly in Canada which was recognized as parcel of Indians, Metis and Inuit with unique traditional practices, and spiritual beliefs. Native Americans, also known as American Indians, Indians, and native peoples were indigenous peoplefirst people. of North America, as the writing entitled â€Å"American Indians† suggests. They had lived throughout the continent for thousands of years before the European exploration. They built houses and excelled in utilizing the resources around them. On the other hand, African Americans, the Afro-Americans or the American Blacks or Black Americans, whose ancestors are from the West Africa, were considered as a racial group in the United States. Though, they also claimed the European, Native American and Asian ancestry (Duignan and Lewis 6). The two thin lines connecting these tribes lie in the episode of history in the 15th and 17th century. First, the occupation of the Europeans in Australia, Africa and America marked the beginning of the histories of the said three continents; second, while the expedition of the Europeans transcended, Aboriginal history and that of Native and Afro-American history were meeting in the same grounds—declining population and diminishing culture and tradition. In the 15th century, European settlers and explorers began to arrive in the Americas, bringing with them a mass number of Africans, beginning in 1619 from the West Africa, as slaves in farms and European industries, based on â€Å"American Indians†. European wars—natives fighting for their lands and diseases depreciated Native American population. Native Americans learned to work with Europeans by abandoning some of their traditions and adopting new technologies. Duignan and Lewis agree that, slave trade became America’s first link to Africa. Slavery existed in large scale—as the demand for slaves increases, the number of Africans in America also increases intensely and so the Afro-American population. African Americans provided most of the labor for the Europeans. Most of the Africans—who became slaveswere employed to subsistence farming and raising livestock. Their natural abilities both in industries and agricultural fields gave them an advantage as laborers of Americas (6). In 1788, as Nicolas Peterson argues in â€Å"Aboriginal Australians,† the invaders of the West began colonizing Australia. The 17th century marked the devastating period of history in the Aboriginal way of life. The new settlers immediately interrupted the life of the Aboriginal natives, taking over their rich fisheries, sources of water and farm land. Similarly, a number of Aboriginal people died from the outbreak of European diseases and from the struggle to win the control of their lands. Europeans changed the way of life as well as the history of the Aboriginal people and of the Native American to worst. These tribes have lived in their lands long before the colonization happened—the Europeans took it away. They never came in contact with epidemics—the Europeans introduced and brought diseases to their lands. They had the same old tradition and spiritual beliefs—the Europeans attempted to export theirs to them. These changes caused the largest decline in population recorded in history and also a large impact on the history and culture of the natives of America and Australia. And even so with the Africans whose population grew more in the Americas. Europeans conquered countries trying to expand their political power and land ownership. As they did this, their cultures were also expanding and taking over the rich and endemic culture of the Aboriginal people, Native Americans and Afro-Americans. The Native Americans and the Afro-Americans affected the existence of each tribe. The first had its own rich tradition before the Africans were introduced by the Europeans, which it shared to the Negros. The African, likewise, had unique technologies and ways of living, which it allowed to make known to the natives of America. Duignan and Lewis emphasized the dependence of Americans upon the African labor and population (16). The Aboriginal people, nonetheless, were enjoying their fruitful culture long before the colonizers came. And the same lines fall here, both the Aboriginal history and the Native and Afro-American history were marked by the overpowering Europeans. That these Westerners went down to meet the Africans, sent them to America, went east and conquered Australia. But the line does not end there. The lessened population of the continents and tribes they overpowered due to same reasons—land loss and diseasesand the weakened culture during the European occupation, changed the whole course of the parallel histories of the Aboriginal people and Native and Afro-American populations.

Impact of Crystal Meth Addiction

Impact of Crystal Meth Addiction By the time you are in elementary you already have some knowledge on drugs. They affect us in various ways, sometimes even personally. For Luke it became a personal issue. At first he began living in the house of a crystal meth addict to research the drug and experience first-hand how it affected others. Originally he had no intention of taking the drug, but after some time he fell into temptation. Since the house he was living in was full of crystal meth and crystal meth addicts it’s not surprising that this ending up happening. At first he would only use it occasionally/recreationally. He felt that he could accomplish more while using it and that non-user were weird for not using it. According to him it was cheap, it helped him lose weight, and it was really fun. â€Å"I felt creative, confident and productive.† (Luke Williams) But after sometime this recreational drug became something he could not live without. Luke then became an addict and began to experience psychotic episodes and aggression. Because of crystal meth he felt that everyone was out to get him and wanted to kill him. This is when he realized that he needed to stop. He went to a hospital, but they offered him pretty much no help and were very unsympathetic. The place where he used to live kicked him out and finding a place to stay became a difficult task. He lived with other crystal meth addicts but they began to flip out on him, leaving him with no choice, but to return home. His parents were very kind and took him in and helped him with his addiction. Learning to cope with the after effects of crystal meth was hard, but with the help of his parents he is now living a normal healthy lifestyle. Although he no longer has that many friends he feels better, because now he doesn’t have bad influences around him. He realizes how dumb he wa s for taking crystal meth and encourages others to never try it (Williams). But where did this drug that destroys so many homes and lives come from? This drug is a man-made stimulant that has been around for a long time. Crystal meth was originally made by the government during World War II to help soldiers stay awake. But after realizing the after affects it had on the soldiers the government decided to ban it. Most of the crystal meth in the United States comes from Mexican super labs. Although people still make it here in the U.S. it’s usually inside their homes. It’s very dangerous to make because of the chemicals involved which are very explosive. Crystal meth comes in clear chunky crystals resembling ice and is most commonly smoked. You can identify Crystal Meth addicts by certain characteristics/behaviors that they exhibit. One of the first things that you will start to notice is that they do not care about their personal appearance or hygiene. They continually pick at their hair and skin which causing themselves nasty looking sores. And they get pimples that are hard to get rid of. They are also more likely to steal to pay for their addiction. Angry outbursts and mood swings are very common in crystal meth addicts. Other affects it has on the body is raising the body temperature to an abnormal level, so high that the user could pass out or even die. They lose appetite and weight dramatically. Dilated pupils, rapid eye movement, anxiousness, confusion, insomnia, unsafe sex, violent outbursts, and twitching are some of the after effects of crystal meth. Users can become paranoid and hear and see things that aren’t actually there (hallucinations). (Ratini) But why do people take this drug? What makes it so addictive? The powerful rush people get from using crystal meth makes a lot of people get hooked right from the start. When its used, a chemical called dopamine (chemical in the brain that floods parts of it that regulate feelings of pleasure). Users also feel confident and energetic. A user can become addicted quickly and soon finds he will do anything to have the rush again. As he continues to use the drug, he builds up a tolerance. That means he needs higher doses to get the same high. The higher the dosage of crystal meth, the higher the risks. How do you get clean from such a powerful drug? How do you liberate yourself from its iron grasp? Since most people who try crystal meth are immediately addicted to it, it’s very hard to get clean from it. Actually it’s one of the hardest drug addictions to beat. People who are addicted to crystal meth usually cannot beat the addiction on their own and require professional help. They either need a professional counselor or drug treatment program. For the first few weeks their bodies will go into withdrawal and they will only be able to eat and sleep because their mind and body are too tired to do anything else. They will feel anti-social and may have violent outbursts. During the whole withdrawal your body is screaming for meth. This is the hardest part of getting clean. Then they go through a honeymoon phase where they feel super confident. Most people have a relapse during this moment because of how over confident they are. Then comes more depression and boredom after this. Finally they move into the adjustment phase where they begin to adjust to society and life in general. Staying clean is a daily choice so it’s an ongoing recovery. But how does this drug affect your spiritual life? Can you still have a close relationship with God while doing Crystal Meth? No, you can’t†¦ Of course the Bible never directly talks about drugs but that’s because they were not around during those days. But it does talk about addictions. All of the apostolic exhortations to remain sober-minded and alert are designed to remind us that we must be vigilant against the snares of the Devil who seeks to ensnare us through deception. (1 Peter 5:8) (1 Corinthians 15:34; 1 Thessalonians 5:4-8; 2 Timothy 4:5; 1 Peter 1:13; 4:7; 5:8) All of these texts talk about being sober and how can you do that if you’re so high you don’t even know your name? Sobriety is also important for prayer (1 Peter 4:7). As Christians, our bodies are not our own, we have been bought with a price which is the blood of Christ (1 Peter 1:17-19) (1 Corinthians 6:19-20). Having bought us with His own life if we pollute or harm our bodies w e desecrate the House of God (1 Corinthians 3:16-17). So I guess all this answers the question if you can or can’t be high and still consider yourself a devoted Christian. In the beginning I mentioned that Luke began to use the drug because he was naà ¯ve of its effects on the human body and what crystal meth actually was. After reading all of this information I feel like he would think twice before trying the drug. People don’t usually think about the effects drugs have on your body and never stop to consider the after effects. But if it is all written out for you and personal testimonies are added then it’s a lot easier to stop and be informed about the drug. This type of information would have saved Luke from a lot of pain, hardship, and danger. And all though he wasn’t a Christian, the texts from the Bible can be very helpful to Christian youth who are experimenting with different things. Many people are ignorant and think that just trying a drug once will not affect them later on and that they are just going to do it once recreationally. Unfortunately this is not the case 99% of the time. Because crystal meth is so strong peo ple get addicted to it the first time they try it and it is really hard to stop the addiction that is why Luke had such a hard time. To prevent things like this from happening we need to speak out against drug abuse and inform people on what Crystal meth and drugs in general do to your body. We need to let them know that they take control of your life and leave you worse than you ever were before. And battling drug addiction is a lifelong thing because your body will always crave the drug. Crystal meth ruins hundreds of lives, families, relationships, and homes each year that is why we must speak out against it now. Luke didn’t have people in his life to inform him, but think about the people you know that are messing around with drugs; have you taken the time to inform them? Don’t let them go through all the things Luke went through. Works Cited Petit, Aymeric. J Addict Res. Methamphetamine Addiction: A Review of the Literature (2012): http://omicsonline.org/methamphetamine-addiction-a-review-of-the-literature-2155-6105.S1-006.php?aid=3893. Ratini, Melinda. crystal meth what should you know. 16 september 2014. 6 may 2015. . Williams, Luke. life as a chrystal meth addict. The saturday Paper 2 8 2014: 2.

Understanding Corporate social responsibility and its effects

Understanding Corporate social responsibility and its effects What is the Corporate Social Responsibility? business encompass the economic, legal ethical and discretionary expectations that society has of organisation at given point in time. [Carroll A B 1979 (497-505) a three dimensional conceptual model of corporate performance; a academy of management review]  ²societal expectation of corporate behaviour, a behaviour that is alleged by a stakeholder to be expected by society or morally required and is therefore justifiably demand of a business ². [ Whetten D.A.Rands, G. Godfrey P {2002} what are the responsibility of business to society]. To be a socially responsible corporation, a company must be more than legal and ethical person also. CSR is not always a legal necessity; increasingly it is an obligation. However a company has to be socially responsible even though it is not a legal obligation The corporate behaviour pyramid: [Aras G Crowther D (2008); The social obligation of corporation; Journal of Knowledge Globalisation1 (1), 43-59] The shareholder view: The social responsibility of a business is to make profit. (Friedman) The justification for this are: Pursuing profit will result in increase employment, generate economic growth, stimulate innovation, increase the tax take and generally raise living standards. Making profit is therefore itself a public good and is a sufficient purpose of business. Directors should be acting on behalf of shareholders. CSR too often means that directors are being charitable with other people money. Shareholders are free to use their dividends to contribute towards CSR if they wish. Business is not competent to deicide moral and ethical matters. Where is the domestic connection between what a business decides to spend money and efforts on and where that money and efforts are actually needed or wanted by society? Are CSR projects chosen simply because they are areas where directors, or their spouses, are personally interested? (ACCA study text-Business Analysis) The longer-term self-interest view: It is in the long-term economic self-interest of business to act in a reasonably responsible manner. (Drucker) Failure to do so will prompt legislation. Failure to do so will damage the business and even the industry. The public relations and enhancement of reputation arising from CSR will increase profit in the long term. CSR is therefore seen and justified as expenditure that helps to generate long term profits. (ACCA study text-Business Analysis) The stakeholder view: This view assumes that shareholders are simply one stakeholder among many, and that their interests are not necessarily paramount. There may be circumstances where shareholder interest has to be sacrificed for the greater good of other stakeholders. Quite how it is decided which stakeholders deserve generosity at any particular time is not clear. There is a danger that the stakeholders that benefit are those with most power which is not necessarily the same as the stakeholders who might deserve attention. (ACCA study text-Business Analysis) Workplace: The British Airways develop to supply a working environment that motivates, engages, supports and develops their colleagues. The intend of airline workplace is to encourage their colleagues to be committed to corporate responsibility and all colleagues onboard one destination. The airline is trying to work with new way. The airline aspiration to be the best is by safety of the people and functioning excellence with culture values. Equality and Diversity: Legislation, voluntary codes of practice and equality initiatives have resulted in some progress towards equality of treatment for minority groups at work, but there remains inescapable evidence of continuing discrimination. More recent approaches under the banner of management of diversity include the economic and business case for equality, the valuing and managing of diversity in organisations, culture change and mainstreaming of equality initiatives. (Torrington, Hall and Taylor, 2005 p.529) The British Airways is committed equal opportunity. Their policies aims to that no job applicant or employee receives less favorable treatment on the basis of their age, sex, creed, disability, full or part time status, nationality, or ethnic origin, race, religion or sexual orientation. Dignity and respect is at the hub of British airways diversity initiatives, focusing on the relationship between colleagues and customer, irrespective of their background, religion or culture. The airline ran a diversity week, holding a series of events to raise awareness of differences to help create a more positive and productive work environment. (International Air Transport Association (IATA) Airline employees 2008. City Business Library London) (http://www.iata.org/membership/airline_members_list?All=true) Employee retirement age: It is unlawful for an employer to discriminate against someone on the grounds of age, i.e. against someone of a particular age or someone in any age band. The age discrimination legislation provides for a default retirement age of 65. Compulsory retirement ages below 65 are unlawful unless objectively justified. In addition, employees have the right to request to work beyond that age. Employers have a duty to consider such requests. (www.businesslink.gov.uk) The airline make an effort to fulfill new Age Decimation Act, The airline were operating crew and pilot retire age 55 but now are 60 and in future it will be exceed to 65. Training programmes: The airline deliver 211 to 215 days of training during the year, including 4,500 training days to cabin crew to enable them to deliver the very highest level of services to our customer travelling in premium cabin and 2,248 days to ground staff. Online mandatory training course for all colleagues was introduced this year. The premium services training programme allows approximately 11,000 cabin crew to receive expert training on services and the food and beverages offered on First, Club World and Club Europe. Development programmes: Strategy of airline is to develop workplace at level which leads the business through on current challenging operating environment. High Performance Leadership (HLP) is embedding a high performance culture amongst airline leader. The leadership capabilities that are needed to lead the business were defined and communicated and individuals performance against measured during the year. The capabilities are communicating a common vision, agreeing accountabilities and motivating and inspiring other. Employee induction: The purpose of induction in organisation to settle the new employee as quickly and efficiently as possible. The airline is trying to achieve the objective of induction and have introduced a new process to ensure that this happens. Employee relation: The airline is working with total of three trade unions demonstrating colleagues across the business. The new Human Resources (HR) model has been implemented. HR business partner now focus on good people management and employee relation and are responsible for day to day industrial relation matters. In addition, 15 effective IR (Interpersonal Relation) skills workshops were provided throughout the year, with 118 delegates presence. Line manager and trade union representatives were able to come together at these workshops to focus on joint problem solving. A further 75 manager attended our new introduction to industrial relation courses. Reward: The carriers cabin crew could see their pay docked by up to  £5,000 each as part of proposals put forward by the airline to cut costs. BA wants to cap the amount its 14,000 crew members can claim in allowances for working long haul flights. The proposal is in addition to changes to working practices that BA will impose from next month (Time online 28 October 2009) The British Airways is claiming in Corporate Responsibility report 2008-2009 that the airline developing good salary structure in the organisation help to create an environment that encourages sustainable high performance. The airline developed salary structure not only that salary costs can be managed more effectively, but also that salaries are internally equitable across roles and differences in roles and differences in responsibility, skill and performance can be recognised and reward. The airline is also functioning bonus scheme using a of financial and non financial performance indicator. Since 2005 airline Employees Reward Plan (ERP) has allowed non management employees to share in the success of the business based on achievement of corporate measures and targets. However, due to unfavourable trading condition, the scheme did not manage in 2008/2009. (Source: www.britishairways.com) Marketplace: Market is human activity directed at satisfying need and wants through exchange processes (Kotler, 1986, p-6) There are two main pillars of marketplace customer and supplier. The airline is encouraging commitment to corporate responsibility and to build sustainable business. The airline is operating over 33 million customers and 2000 supplier. The airline is focusing on customer and supplier to secure the position as a global premium airline. 1-Supplier Its social responsibility for the airline to pay its supplier according to term. In reference that the airline paid their supplier on average, 91 per cent were on time in the UK for the year ended March 31, 2009.The airline aim to exceed in next year. The airlines are party to the Confederation of British Industry (CBI) code of practise on supplier payment and are dedicated to paying the supplier on agreed term. The number of days purchases in creditors at March 31, 2009 is calculated in accordance with the provision of the companies Act 1985 and was 32 days (2008: 33 days). The airline carry on to reduce the carbon footprint with the acquirer of environmentally capable aircraft (A380) and airline will have taken delivery of its first three by the end of June with a further 36 aircraft on order. Particular concern has been given to ensuring environmentally efficient and lightweight materials will be used in the construction of both. The airline also working in long term with Grundon, using their energy from waste plant to produce electricity for the National Grid 2-Customer In the market place customer are broken down into group with different ideas of what they want. The largest group is the one looking for a low-price, no frills services- but of course low prices often go hand in hand with low profits. The group who are prepared to pay for exceptional quality small, but probably more profitable as individual. The company has to decide where its own strengths lie in terms of meeting customer expectation, and then decide whether it is able to meet the needs of its chosen target group better than the competition can do it (Jim Blythe, Principle Practice of Marketing, 2005, p-178) In these different groups of customer the British airways lies in the group D, which customer are willing to pay more for exceptional quality, because the airline are operating at premium services. Premium customer also wants reliability and consistency in the services and customer also like the increased flexibility and the wider choice of movie, TV programmes, audio and interactive games. The main problem is that the airline failure to achieve the profit in the particular segment. British Airways World Cargo continues to focus on providing premium products. The airline people play a crucial role in providing the upgrade travel experience. They are committed to excellent services and are investing heavily in training customer facing colleagues. Some of customers are unhappy because the British Airways will start charging passengers up to  £60 to reserve a seat as part of the airlines plans to cut costs and increase revenues. (Time online, 25 September 2009) British Airways focuses on offering online services to retain old customers and to attract new customers. It has made several upgrades to the e-services offered on its website, www.ba.com.The online portal is helping British Airways to drive down costs and increase revenues. Almost a third of all the companys bookings are made on ba.com, with almost half of all European leisure fares sold via the UK site, as a testimony to its popularity with customers. The customers are also provided with the option to book hotels and hire cars through the website. In FY2009, the company introduced a new feature allowing customers to upgrade their booking at any time between buying a ticket and checking-in online. British Airways had launched a new service, allowing customers to check-in or access real time arrivals and departures information through their mobiles. Therefore e-services help the company to attract more customers, enabling it to generate more revenues its allows airline customer to offset the carbon emissions of their journey with all proceeds going towards UN-certified emission reduction projects. (Source: www.britishairways.com) Community welfare programmes: Philanthropy encompasses those corporate actions that are in response to societys expectation that businesses be good corporate citizens. This includes actively engaging in acts or programs to promote human welfare or goodwill. Examples of philanthropy include business contributions to local communities, building education centre and charitable donations (Carrols model, ACCA text book P1 Professional Accountant) The airline continues to promote the community which one of the stepped to build a Community Learning Centre (CLC). Around 50,000 young people and adult learners on range of education programmes since its opening in 1999.The course are run in the Community Learning Centre with partnership of the United Nation International childrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF) focus on information and communication, Technology and the environment. The airline staff including (retired 3,500 and current) donated over  £630,000 ,their chosen charities through the airline giving Scheme directly from their payroll and airline also supported Children in Need and Red Nose Day across the airline raising over  £13,000 for charities in the UK and Overseas. Preceding years BA fun run raised in excess of  £55,000 for Cancer Research UK; during 2008/09 the airline World Cargo team collected and delivers over 95 tonnes of high quality gift, donated by employees from across the airline. The airline working with partnership United Nation International childrens Emergency Fund (UNICEF) has raised over  £26 million since in 1994 and has changed the lives of helpless children across the world. The a (Source: www.britishairways.com) Environment programmes British Airways impact on the environment involves the following: Climate Change The Climate Change Programme is CSR because it is about taking actions to reduce its impact on the environment. Climate change is a growing threat to the environment and to societies everywhere. British Airways actions on climate change go beyond compliance, demonstrating that it is taking voluntary actions to reduce its contribution to carbon emissions and better understand its impact on climate change. The British Airways climate change programme is focused on the following main areas: 1-Long term CO2 target: The airline develop long term plan to reduce CO2 by require the improvements in operational efficiency, investments in new aircraft technology, development of sustainable aviation fuels and investments in low emission technology in other sector of the economy through carbon trading. This trading is illustrates in figure below 2-EU and UK Emission Trading System (EU ETS): Airline will be fully sheltered by the EUs Emission Trading System from January 2012.The British Airways emission target has been set at 97 per cent of average annual emission in the reference period from 2004 to 2006. From 2013 the target is tightened to 95 per cent. British Airways set a target of total reductions in annual emissions of 125,000 tonnes of CO2, to be achieved over the five years 2002-2006. In 2004 the company agreed with the UK government to increase the voluntary target. 3-Carbon Efficiency: The airline is continuous try to reduce carbon by removing unwanted items from the aircraft to reduce the fuel burn, by developing light weight aircraft and modifications and simple changes such as the IFE spares pack removal, modifications to the World Traveller seats and the removal of the air stairs on 737 aircraft have already generated savings in excess of 6,500 tonnes of CO2. Carbon efficiency shows in following from 2006 to 2008. Airline is also developing procedure for the aircraft to taxi-out to the runway with an engine shout down wherever possible. This reduces fuel burn, CO2 and NOx emission. As comparison with Virgin Atlantic airline, on 24 February 2008 its become the first airline in the world to operate a commercial aircraft on bio fuel blend. The Boeing 747 flew a short flight from London to Amsterdam, using a 20% bio fuel and 80% kerosene blend in one of its four engines. Carbon Footprint: The airline is using the Greenhouse Gas Protocol corporate standard to measure the carbon footprint. The GHG (Greenhouse Gas) Protocol Corporate Standard provides standard and guidance for companies and other organizations preparing a GHG emissions inventory. It covers the accounting and reporting of the six greenhouse gases covered by the Kyoto Protocol- carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydro fluorocarbons (HFCs), per fluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) (http://www.ghgprotocol.org/standards/corporate-standard) The below graphs represent how the airline manage its carbon footprint year by year. Global ground emission footprint: The airline global ground operation generated a footprint of 164,535 tonnes of carbon dioxide emissions, arising from our building, vehicles and ground equipment. Global ground emission footprint (tonnes of CO2) (Source: www.britishairways.com) British Airways producing 8% (1,626,262/ 20,670,517) CO2 emission of the total airlines. Virgin Atlantic Airways producing 1.8% (372,552/20,670,517) CO2 emissions of the total airlines in world. C02 emission by sector aviation is second highest CO2 emission producing in the world and most one energy industries. 5-Noise and Air Quality: Quota count is a system used by Londons Heathrow, Gatwick, and Stansted airports to limit the amount of noise generated by night-time aircraft movements Noise restrictions for a plane during take-off: 94 decibels (Maximum level) during the day. (Add times) 7am 11pm 89 decibels (Maximum level) in the shoulder period. (Add times) 6am -7am and 11pm to 11.30pm 87 decibels (Maximum level) at night. (Add times) 11.30pm to 6am These limits set by the Department of Transport (DfT) apply at 6.5km from the start of the roll, i.e. the point on the runway where the plane starts to move in order to take off. Planes that break the noise limits on departure at specific locations are fined by BAA:  £500 for the first 3 decibels over the limit and  £1,000 above that. (Source: BAA website 2008) EPNdB over 101.9 = 16 Quota Count EPNdB 99 101.9 = 8 Quota Count EPNdB 96 98.9 = 4 Quota Count EPNdB 93 95-9 = 2 Quota Count EPNdB 90 92.9 = 1 Quota Count EPNdB less than 90= 0.5 Quota Count EPNdB less than 87 is exempt =0 Quota Count (^ National Air Traffic Services (2007-02-02) (PDF). London Heathrow, London Gatwick and London Stansted Airports Noise Restrictions Notice 2007. http://www.boeing.com/commercial/noise/notamfeb2007.pdf. Retrieved 2007-10-28) The airline noise energy has remained the same over the last three years regardless of an increase in the use of our aircraft fleet. The airline continuous achieved noise level of Department of Transport (DFT) which is Quota Count 0.5(EPNdb90-87=0.5 Quota Count) and also the airline has objective is to reduce the average noise per flight by 15 per cent by 2015. Airline already achieved a reduction in NOx emission through the adaption of Boeing 747 (RB211) engines and Boeing 777 (GE90) engines. Its plan to further modify Boeing 737 engines delivering a 20 per cent reduction in NOx. For all routines take off airline use reduced take off thrust which significantly reduce NOx emission. 7-Waste: Currently the airline is developing the procedure to recycling paper, cardboard, plastics, pallets, carpets, batteries, drinks cans and have removed general waste bins in many office areas to encourage recycling and with transporting components, the airlinehave reduced or replaced non recyclable packaging material with recyclable material. A paper crusher is used to produce packaging, which is used to protect aircraft components during transportation. In 2007 airline recycled 35% of its waste at Heathrow and Gatwick (up from 30% last year). (Source: www.britishairways.com) Airline target is the recycling 50% of its waste by 2010 and the amount of annual waste managed through its contracts at Heathrow and Gatwick disposed to landfill reduced by 7.2% from 3,688 tonnes to 3,424 tonnes. At Virgin Atlantic also aim to achieve the recycle or reuse level 50% by 2012. To do this airline are choosing more items that are reusable recyclable or biodegradable and sourcing that use fewer materials. Business ethics What is ethics? Ethics is the set of rule prescribing what is good or evil, or what is right or wrong for people. What is business ethics? Business ethics means honesty, confidence, respect and fair acting in all circumstance. However, such values as honesty, respect and confidence are rather general concepts without definite boundaries. Ethics can also be define as overall fundamental principle and practices for improving the level of wellbeing of humanity. [David Crowther Guler Aras 2008 corporate social responsibility,p54] Ethical stances: The extent to which an organization will exceed its minimum obligations to stakeholder (Johnson, Scholes and Whittington) British Airways is committed to the highest standard of corporate behaviour from its Directors and employees. British Airways requires its entire people to perform their duties with efficiency and diligence and to always behave to customers and other people alike with courtesy and decorum. British Airways procurement process has strong controls to ensure that any dealings are open and transparent, avoids any suspicion of conflicts of interest, misuse of information and opportunity, confidentiality, fair dealing with customer and suppliers, proper use of company asset, compliance with laws and regulation. Conflict of Interest: A conflict of interest occurs when an individuals private interest interferes or appears to interfere with the interest of the airline. As a matter of airline policy, employees must not leave conflict of interest unresolved unless approved by airline. In particular employees must never use or attempt to use their position at the airline to obtain any improper personal benefit for themselves, for their families, or for any person. Confidentiality: The airline has strict policy that all employees to maintain the confidentiality information about the airline, its customer, suppliers, or joint venture parties. Employees must maintain the confidentiality of all information so entrusted to them, except when disclosure is authorised or legally mandated. Confidential or proprietary information of our Company, and of other companies, includes any non-public information that would be harmful to the relevant company or useful or helpful to competitors if disclosed. Fair Dealing: The airline does not seek competitive advantages through illegal or unethical business practices. Each employee should endeavour to deal fairly with the companys customers, service providers, suppliers, competitors and employees. No employee should take unfair advantage of anyone through manipulation, concealment, abuse of privileged information, misrepresentation of material facts, or any unfair dealing practice. Protection and Proper Use of Company Assets: All employees should protect the airline assets and ensure their efficient use. All airline assets should be used only for legitimate business purposes. (source:www.bashares.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=69499p=irol-govconduct) Benefit of become good citizen The British Airways can obtain great number of benefit by fulfill the corporate social responsibility policies to the entire stakeholder, including the enhanced airline image (this in itself can lead to increase sales), health and safety benefit, ease of attracting investments and lowered cost of such investments, better community relationship (this can lead to easier and quicker approval of plans through the planning process), improved relationship with regulator, improved morale among workers (leading to higher productivity, lower staff turnover and consequently lower recruitment and training cost), general improved and relationship with customer. In particularly which include; 2009 2008 Goodwill  £m 4  £m 4 No of employees 42098 42121 Passenger revenue  £m 7836  £m 7600 [www.bashares.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=69499p=irol-reportsannual] Impact on key stakeholder What is a stakeholder? Any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organisation objective [ACCA course book P1 Professional Accountants] The classification of stakeholder There are two main way to classify the stakeholder, Internal v external: Internal stakeholder are those include within organisation such as employees, manager and director etc and where as external stakeholder are such group customer or suppliers who are generally not be of part of the organisation. Voluntary v involuntary: Voluntary those who have choice to engages with the organisation (employees, most customer, suppliers and shareholder) and involuntary those who have not choice to engages with organisation (local communities, neighbours, the nature world, future generation). [David Crowther Guler Aras 2008 (p30) corporate social responsibility] The corporate and social responsibility policies of British Airways greatly affect the stakeholders. The stakeholders of British Airways are the key customers, shareholders, employees, trade unions, lenders, Central Government, media, local community, pressure groups, local government and individual householders. I used Mendelowss Matrix for mapping the impact British Airways corporate and social responsibility policies on the stakeholders listed above. High Power Low Key Players E.g. key customer, active major shareholders, trade unions, employees, secured lenders. Involve Keep Informed E.g. Local Government, pressure groups, local media, local community, individual shareholders, individual customers. Consult / Inform Keep Satisfied E.g. Central Government, passive major shareholders, national media. Consider impact of action / inform Minimal Effort E.g. Individual shareholders living nearby. Ignore High Interest Low (ACCA study text-P1 Professional Accountants) Key Players: Key players are those stakeholders who have high interest and have high powers. The organisations strategy must be acceptable to them. Many business customers fly the same route on a regular basis. They want BA to do well so they can continue to use their service. Due to excellence of Terminal 5 the customer recommendations increase 61% to 65% But the shareholder little worried about the company performance because last two years the company was in loss. Keep Satisfied: Keep satisfied are those stakeholders who have low interest and high power to influence the policies of the company. The British Airways behaving these stakeholders are very well because the airline fulfill the requirements, like government and local community need good environment and less carbon emission which the airline successful are reducing carbon by 50% at end of 2050 years. Keep Informed: This group has high interest and low powers in company, but this group can be move to key player Colum. The British Airways ensure before every investment that laws and policy is full fill. Minimal Effort: This group has low power and low interest in the company. As British Airways can ignore them. These are individual shareholder or living near to airports. Conclusion It was a great idea to analysis the corporate and social responsibility policies of a division who is greatly involved in the production CO2 emissions and highly responsible for the climate change. During my research, I came crossways a number of facts, which I believe will help me to give a conclusion of my report. The facts are as under: The company started the operation in 1974 with the name of British Airways. During this period British Airways has build up an image as premium airline through its policies and positive image of its brand in the public. FY2009, Europe, the companys largest geographic market, accounted for 62.5% of the total revenues. I realise that the British Airways are more focus on Corporate Social Responsibility it might be effect on the company financial performance because its made loss in last two years. It is unethically for the sum of shareholder who wants profits from the company. British Airways is well behaving with their employees; who include the Induction, training, health and safety, promotion, high performance leadership, good salary structure and reward (ERP). At market place the British Airways failed to get reasonable profit from customer segment (premium customer), due to the airline did not report profit in last two years. Although the airline maintain good relationship with supplier through follow the code of practise (CBI). The airline maintain the position as Philanthropy (Carroll model), due to the airline continuously support poor world, people and working with UNICEF, UK Cancer and Research. The real fact is that the airline only make plan for reduction of 50% Carbon Emission (CO2) in 2050.But currently the CO2 more than last years. To achieving this objective the airline is need to invest in new aircraft technology, low emission trading project. For this objective the airline have good capita

Biography of Norman Washington Manley :: Essays Papers

Biography of Norman Washington Manley Norman Washington Manley was born in Roxborough, Manchester, on July 4, 1839. He was the son of Magaret and Thomas Albert Manley. He attended Beckford & Smith High school. Since his youth, Norman Manley began to show hints of greatness when it came to sports and intelligence, hints which manifested themselves when Norman Manley attended Jamaica College. Norman Manley set records and gained national attention in the area of Track and Field and later as the Jamaican political leader. Norman Manley was an exceptional athlete. His most impressive and memorable performance was a 10 second time in the 100-meter sprint in 1911. This record became known throughout Jamaica as â€Å"the even time.† His record stood for an astounding 41 years until Frank Hall broke it in 1952. That same year Norman Manley’s eldest son, Douglass Manley, eclipsed the record also. Norman Manley’s athletic greatness continued through the 1912 Class 1 Championships. Between 1910 and 1912, his college team won two championships, mainly because of Norman Manley’s contributions. During the 1912 championship year, Norman Manley had another awe-inspiring performance in the 220 yard run. His time of 23 seconds flat was very comparable to the previous Olympic times in the 200 meters. He was without a doubt one of the fastest College men in the World. Norman Manley went to study at Oxford University in 1914 after being awarded the Rhodes scholarship. The First World War broke out and he enlisted to become a gunner in the Royal Artillery and was eventually promoted to corporal. He was awarded the Military medal and went on after the war to study law in England. There he married his cousin Edna Swithenbank. They had two sons: Michael and Douglass. In 1922, Norman Manley returned to his homeland of Jamaica and became a much sought after lawyer. He holds the distinction of never losing a murder case he represented. By the late 1930s, a hostile air arose in Jamaica concerning taxes, labor strikes, and civil unrest. This would lead to Manley lending his aide to the workers and forming the People’s National Party. Norman Manley founded the People’s National Party (PNP) in September 1938, and was elected its president for 31 consecutive years until his retirement.

Essay --

What does famine mean? It is a situation in which people do not have enough food, according to Webster’s New World Dictionary. The great potato famine, however, was far more than just a lack of food. Its effects were felt around the world due to environmental conditions, agriculture practices and economic and political factors (Japikse, 1994). Famine still exists in today’s society, as does the potato blight from the largest crop manufacturers to the small family gardens in Wisconsin, but nothing comes close to the disaster experienced by the Irish. It was the injustices that caused the famine, Gorta Mor, The Great Hunger of 1845-52, as called by the Irish (Daly, 1996). The potato famine of 1846 was one of the biggest natural disasters in Irish history. The â€Å"explosive disease† said William Fry, Ph.D., caused by Phytophtera infestans, is a condition that prevents growth and destroys the plant by disease. P. infestans is a fungus-like pathogen that infects and destroys the leaves, stems, potato seed and the potato itself, turning it black and slimy (Craig, 1998). The first signs of blight are when leaves get brown specks on them that start to get white, hairy growth around them (Damsker, n.d.). In addition, leaves and stems withered very quickly. This if followed by a terrible smell. It spreads as a spore and grows rapidly in moist, warm and humid conditions. Today, the blight disease still affects potato crops. However, an application of the plant fungicide, metalaxyl, or copper sulfate mixtures and pesticide will prevent and eliminate or, at least, decrease the possibility of its appearance (Daly, 1996). In fact, accordi ng to Gibbon’s article in 2013, the pathogen and its host of dried leaves ar... ...Irish and British people had bitter feelings towards one another. Many Irish were angry the English government did next to nothing to prevent the famine. Then when it happened the government turned their heads. The anger caused a rebellion in 1848 by a group called the Young Ireland party, saying Ireland wanted its own government (Results of the Great Famine, 2014). In conclusion, famine is still a part of the world today, but Gorta Mor of this level of devastation does not occur anymore. The same issues of environment, agriculture practices, economic and political factors are still part of famine today along with the appearance of the potato blight, too. Truth be told, the difference between then and now, however, is that technology is the medium to deliver images and descriptions faster and quicker so as to not let such devastation be experienced.

Cialis

1. Why was Viagra so successful? Viagra’s success was due to: * Viagra was the first orally taken drug that addressed ED. Other alternatives that had already existed in the market were: penile implants, vacuum pumps , ED injection and urethra suppository, none of them were really user friendly. * Viagra was the first affordable solution for ED, its retail price was $10/dose, whereas Caverject injection cost $25/dose, vacuum pumps $300 to $500, and the most expensive, penile implants ranged from $12,000 to $18,000. Pfizer employed advertising which reached out to all men. They featured celebrities in their ads, such as Bob Dole, Raphael Palmiero, Mark Martin. Seeing these celebrities publically confess to having ED, made men feel more comfortable in acknowledging their own ED issues and communicating it to their physicians. * Unlike injections, Viagra could be taken everyday. * Some people saw recreational usage to Viagra. * Viagra was approved by Medicaid in 11 states. * There was a huge market for ED drugs. In 1996 the number of ED prompted doctor visits was at the all time high of 1. 3 million visits. 2. Draw a perceptual map that summarizes the positioning strategies adopted by Viagra, Levitra and Cialis and evaluate those strategies. Viagra’s positioning strategy: Pfizer first started out by featuring older celebrities, like Bob Dole, trying to capture attention of their target market. Statistics showed that over 50% of Viagra’s customers were men over 50. Later, Pfizer changed its strategy and started featuring young celebrities, such as a baseball player, NASCAR driver. They wanted to show that even â€Å"manly mans† could have a problem and they also wanted to put out a message that Viagra is not only for older men but for men of all ages, who might even only have a slight problem. Basically, their message to men was â€Å"you’re not too young for Viagra†. I think this was the right move on Pfizer’s side since it expand their target market to men of all ages, at the same time maybe draw out men who didn’t feel comfortable with the subject. Levitra’s positioning strategy: Bayer and Glaxo positioned Levitra as a way of enhancing the sexual experience. It was not about the number of times a man could have sex, it was all about quality. They also wanted to educate the public about ED and about their solution to it. Their reps spent 50% more time talking to doctors about Levitra than Pfizer’s did about Viagra. This was a good positioning strategy for Bayer and Glaxo. With Levitra, coming to market after Viagra, they had to differentiate themselves somehow. And doing this from a quality angle, I believe they hit the right note with a lot of men. Cialis’ positioning strategy: Lilly Icos, after doing several years of research and seeing both, Viagra and Levitra’s performance in the market, decided to position Cialis as a stress-free, more spontaneous, fitting into an every-day lifestyle type of a solution to ED. Men didn’t have to feel stressed to perform because of the time constraints. They can live their normal lives, with Cialis kind of in the background. I believe it’s a really good strategy, given the characteristics of Cialis. People with ED want to put their problem out of their mind and not think about it. And Cialis would be the perfect solution – there’s no pressure to perform, they can have sex at their own convenience. No major changes would need to be made to their lives. 3. How can the product attributes of Cialis be translated into a successful positioning platform for the product’s launch? Cialis differentiated itself from the rest of the available ED treatments in the following ways: * Cialis took faster effect than Viagra and remained effective longer than Viagra (around 36 hours and the effect kicked in only when needed). This was a huge plus on Cialis’ side since it was so flexible. It had effect even after eating fatty foods. It could also be taken by patients who had high blood pressure, and it could be taken along with alpha blockers. The bottom line – it accommodated most everyone under most every circumstance. * Cialis had less physical side effects than its competitors, Viagra and Levitra. Outlined below are some of the different way s Lilly Icos could have positioned Cialis: * To men of any age and of any physical condition with any level of ED severity. * To men who love their routines and don’t want to change them. Emphasize on the fact that men’s partners don’t even have to know that they’re taking drugs for their condition. This might especially be important to men who start dating a new person; they might not want their partner to know about their condition, at least maybe not right away. * Can be taken before/after any type of activity: work, sports, romantic dinner out. * Can be taken by men of many different lifestyles (busy professionals, busy parents, retired, etc. ) * End benefit is that anyone with any sort of ED dysfunction can feel problem-free again! It works for any man, anywhere, anytime! Cialis They have DEED problems- which lead to feeling personal embarrassment; Question their role In their relationships; Sense of unfairness to their female partners; trained relationships; Self-identity problems; questioning role in all contexts of life; questioning place in the world. Where? From a local drugstore; directly from a Doctor; from a mail order drugstore; Not usual drug store; another party getting it; in other countries. How? They intake prescription to engage in intimacy with sexual partner. SOOT Analysis Strengths: 1 Eli Lily and CICS is a great source for product team.Eli Lilly have plenty experience to bring drugs to the market. CICS have strong technical competence with proven trench in clinical result. 2 Compared to Vicarage, Scalia can last up to 36 hours, unaffected by meals, rare visual Irregularities etc. 3 Good operationally and financially positioned to enter the market. Weakness: 1 Low compound Annual Growth Rates (CARR) In Germany (3. 6%) and France (14. 8%) Mu ch lower value than comparable countries such as the US. This may lead to low return in these markets. Brayer's likely positioning as a â€Å"niche† drug treating diabetes along with DEED, limits the strategies that Lilly CICS LLC can explore ND employ. 3 CICS have no marketing competence to date. How much control will they realistically have marketing decisions given their lack of experience? Will their lack of marketing competence slowdown elements of the launch/ complicate processes? Opportunity 1 . Promoting to couples (both married and living together) in a combined campaign. 2. The high dropout rates of Vicarage after first year offers potential targeting for Lilly CICS LLC.Threats: 1 . Little evidence of market research conducted in Brazil, Canada, Mexico and Australia. 2. Competitive reaction of Pfizer could prohibit Lilly CICS LLC Clans† compete with the advertising â€Å"blitz† that Pfizer have exercised? Marketing strategy suggestion Price Since Scalia is going to face to face compete with Vicarage, we highly recommend it launch at the same price with Vicarage. It is easy for customer to accept a safer and longer-lasting DEED drug at the original price. Distribution Channels & Management 1.Wholesalers: Lilly CICS LLC are in charge of manufacturing the drug, at which point they distribute he drug to wholesalers. Given the unattractiveness of the channel for wholesalers and the low margin that is obtained, a 5%increase may give Lilly CICS LLC more influence over the terms of the arrangement. This would also encourage the wholesaler to distribute more extensively and effortlessness more favorable terms such as buying back stock unsold. 2. Patients: Directly sell drugs to the patients who have DEED problem via doctors would be a very good way to reach target consumer. . Website: Sell drugs on Physician website or Patients and partner website. Promotion 1. Free sampling: Since Scalia is the direct competitor of Vicarage, send free sam pling to Vicarage user would be a very good way to reach target consumer. 2. Advertisement in hospital Scalia is a safer and longer-lasting DEED medicine, patient in hospital can get more advice from doctors after they saw the advertisement. 3. Website advertisement Physician website or Patients and partner website would be a very good way to add exposure of the new product. Cialis 1. Why was Viagra so successful? Viagra’s success was due to: * Viagra was the first orally taken drug that addressed ED. Other alternatives that had already existed in the market were: penile implants, vacuum pumps , ED injection and urethra suppository, none of them were really user friendly. * Viagra was the first affordable solution for ED, its retail price was $10/dose, whereas Caverject injection cost $25/dose, vacuum pumps $300 to $500, and the most expensive, penile implants ranged from $12,000 to $18,000. Pfizer employed advertising which reached out to all men. They featured celebrities in their ads, such as Bob Dole, Raphael Palmiero, Mark Martin. Seeing these celebrities publically confess to having ED, made men feel more comfortable in acknowledging their own ED issues and communicating it to their physicians. * Unlike injections, Viagra could be taken everyday. * Some people saw recreational usage to Viagra. * Viagra was approved by Medicaid in 11 states. * There was a huge market for ED drugs. In 1996 the number of ED prompted doctor visits was at the all time high of 1. 3 million visits. 2. Draw a perceptual map that summarizes the positioning strategies adopted by Viagra, Levitra and Cialis and evaluate those strategies. Viagra’s positioning strategy: Pfizer first started out by featuring older celebrities, like Bob Dole, trying to capture attention of their target market. Statistics showed that over 50% of Viagra’s customers were men over 50. Later, Pfizer changed its strategy and started featuring young celebrities, such as a baseball player, NASCAR driver. They wanted to show that even â€Å"manly mans† could have a problem and they also wanted to put out a message that Viagra is not only for older men but for men of all ages, who might even only have a slight problem. Basically, their message to men was â€Å"you’re not too young for Viagra†. I think this was the right move on Pfizer’s side since it expand their target market to men of all ages, at the same time maybe draw out men who didn’t feel comfortable with the subject. Levitra’s positioning strategy: Bayer and Glaxo positioned Levitra as a way of enhancing the sexual experience. It was not about the number of times a man could have sex, it was all about quality. They also wanted to educate the public about ED and about their solution to it. Their reps spent 50% more time talking to doctors about Levitra than Pfizer’s did about Viagra. This was a good positioning strategy for Bayer and Glaxo. With Levitra, coming to market after Viagra, they had to differentiate themselves somehow. And doing this from a quality angle, I believe they hit the right note with a lot of men. Cialis’ positioning strategy: Lilly Icos, after doing several years of research and seeing both, Viagra and Levitra’s performance in the market, decided to position Cialis as a stress-free, more spontaneous, fitting into an every-day lifestyle type of a solution to ED. Men didn’t have to feel stressed to perform because of the time constraints. They can live their normal lives, with Cialis kind of in the background. I believe it’s a really good strategy, given the characteristics of Cialis. People with ED want to put their problem out of their mind and not think about it. And Cialis would be the perfect solution – there’s no pressure to perform, they can have sex at their own convenience. No major changes would need to be made to their lives. 3. How can the product attributes of Cialis be translated into a successful positioning platform for the product’s launch? Cialis differentiated itself from the rest of the available ED treatments in the following ways: * Cialis took faster effect than Viagra and remained effective longer than Viagra (around 36 hours and the effect kicked in only when needed). This was a huge plus on Cialis’ side since it was so flexible. It had effect even after eating fatty foods. It could also be taken by patients who had high blood pressure, and it could be taken along with alpha blockers. The bottom line – it accommodated most everyone under most every circumstance. * Cialis had less physical side effects than its competitors, Viagra and Levitra. Outlined below are some of the different way s Lilly Icos could have positioned Cialis: * To men of any age and of any physical condition with any level of ED severity. * To men who love their routines and don’t want to change them. Emphasize on the fact that men’s partners don’t even have to know that they’re taking drugs for their condition. This might especially be important to men who start dating a new person; they might not want their partner to know about their condition, at least maybe not right away. * Can be taken before/after any type of activity: work, sports, romantic dinner out. * Can be taken by men of many different lifestyles (busy professionals, busy parents, retired, etc. ) * End benefit is that anyone with any sort of ED dysfunction can feel problem-free again! It works for any man, anywhere, anytime!

Psychology Case Studies Essay

According to the diathesis-stress model there are many things that seem to be able to relate to the anxiety disorder that Winnie has. As for the biological factors some of the issues could have arise from Winnie spending her first three weeks of life in the neonatal intensive care unit where it would be impossible for her to bond with her mom and have the typical bonding experiences that occur with a newborn. Therefore Winnie would have a harder time with feeling security and could have some separation anxiety as part of her biological make up of not being with her parents during those first few weeks for bonding time. Biologically it could be suggested that since she was having a hard time breathing and having the â€Å"blue spells† that her mother talked about there could have also been some brain development or psychological damage from this. As for life experiences being factored into her issues with social anxiety there are many different experiences in her life that could be a part of this. One of these issues could have been the fact that she was not with her parents and in the intensive care unit. There are different studies and theories as to whether or not this would be considered a biological or a life experience factor in this case, for these purposes it is being left as a biological factor. When Winnie was very young and her mother had the two miscarriages and suffered depression and then suffered some side effects of the medications there would have been strain on Winnie as her mother would not have acted the same as she did prior to these instances. For a developing child at these ages there are many reasons to believe that this could cause permanent damages for the child’s confidence and ability to feel secure as this is the time when so many developments are taking place. Also the experience of Winnie’s friend moving away could have caused some of the social anxiety and some of the issues with her innate fear that something would happen to her mother when she was not around. These different factors could explain her social anxiety through the Diathesis-stress model. 2. The separation anxiety disorder can be explained through the behavioral perspective. The explanation would be that there are so many various factors that could affect a child which would have caused her to have these negative learned behaviors. When the mother was depressed and then agitated from the medications the child could have learned to stay quiet and to keep to herself in order to be able to manage her feelings and still have her mother be happy around her. Another explanation on this theory could have been that the mother might have rewarded the child for quiet play. When the child’s friend suddenly moved away the learned behavior might have been that someone can leave and never return. This would have taught the child to keep her mother close by in order to ensure that her mother would not be leaving and never coming back. Also when the mother gave her more attention for throwing a fit the first time then it would explain how she ended up throwing fits each day as she was hoping to be rewarded by getting that extra time with her mother. As for her overall separation anxiety and treatment for it, it could be suggested that the child be enrolled in some play therapy where she could discuss her real fears and the sources of her fears with the therapist in order to be able to reassure her that things were okay. Also there could be some indications that the child would also benefit from a very set and scheduled routine and some reassurance from her mother in the form of a reward of some sort. The reward would be to reinforce positive behaviors for instance if she was able to not throw a fit and if she were able to be okay when her mother left her then she would be able to manage her feelings in some positive manner (Cliff’s Notes Behavioral†¦). As for the cognitive perspective and the issue of Winnie’s separation anxiety, there are many factors that can be examined in order to explain the problems. The way that this perspective could be applied is through the ways that Winnie is interpreting and looking at things having to do with the separation of her mother. Since Winnie has spent her primary amount of time with her mother there is reason to believe that some of the problems could have to do with her father not being around her perception on what he is doing when he is not home since he is admittedly thinking about work much of the time when at home. Her perception might be that he is not really there for her and that he is not really able to be there for her on a regular basis. She might have a larger fear from some of the other issues occurring like that if her mother leaves she might not ever see her again after her perception that her friend left and she didn’t see her either. As for her fear of something happening to her mother while she is gone, there are many reasons to think that her mother could have a hard time without her. It could be questioned as to why she has this fear if something has happened to someone she knows or the content of the television programming that is being watched around her. Some of these things are because there seems to be a lot more to her perceptions and why she is so fearful of losing her mother. Some treatments that might be suggested in this case are family therapy. There could be a lot gained from Winnie understanding that both of her parents care about her well being and that both of them are dedicated to taking care of her. Some other treatment could be to monitor the family’s television and to not allow Winnie to be in the room when viewing any type of movie dealing with death and also there could be some benefits from Winnie spending some quality time with her father (Garvy and Spoor). The psychodynamic perspective for child development would suggest that the separation anxiety as coming from Winnie’s infancy and her being separated from her parents during her first crucial weeks of life. This perspective would suggest that Winnie was unable to be without her parents and had such a large fear of being away from them because she was unable to bond with them during the first few weeks of her life and she had to be alone during this time as well. Also the separation of Winnie from her young friend would suggest that there were more issues to this than originally thought as there were many times when Winnie would not have been able to process these thoughts. Also Winnie’s mother had commented that Winnie did not talk about this friend moving and not having this friend around. This is crucial as there are many reasons to believe that Winnie should have in some way expressed that she was upset about being separated from her friend and that she needed some reassurance which she did not get during this time as she had not asked for it. Through this perspective it is possible to conclude that Winnie would not have understood or known what to ask for in this situation (Van Morgan 2009).